Psychedelics and neuroanesthesia: A narrative review of converging mechanisms
Abstract
Current neuroscience research calls into question the binary model of anesthesia as a state of consciousness shifted by unconsciousness, replacing it with an idea of consciousness as a continuum created by interactions between large-scale cortex and subcortical regions. Meanwhile, psychedelic drugs are making a comeback as potential treatments for treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety during life-threatening illness and substance use disorders. Classical serotonergic psychedelics (like psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide) have a primary target on 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, while the dissociative anesthetic ketamine inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, and the weak gamma-aminobutyric acid–A receptor modulation is a component of the action of nitrous oxide. These agents interact differently with receptors, but have similar network-level effects on the human cortex, such as disruption of integrity of the default-mode network, loss of frontoparietal directed connectivity, increased between-network interactions, and characteristic EEG signatures that are strikingly similar to those seen during emergence from general anesthesia. The anesthesiology paradigm offers a very unique and well controlled platform for dissecting the relative contribution of drug pharmacology, expectancy, and the conscious subjective experience – something that has been recently shown by ketamine masked by surgical anesthesia trials. Here, the current narrative review aims to bring together the latest available evidence on the intersection of psychedelic pharmacology and clinical anesthesia, focusing on common molecular targets, neural-network signatures, EEG correlates, and the therapeutic relevance of anesthetic emergence in specific psychiatric patient populations. The implications for perioperative monitoring, perioperative sedation in vulnerable patients, and designing future placebo-controlled studies of psychedelics are discussed. These two literatures bring the neuroanesthesiologist into a crucial role in the future of clinical psychedelic science. Keywords: Anesthesia, Consciousness, Electroencephalography, Hallucinogens, Ketamine, Neuroimaging, Nitrous oxide, Psilocybin.
Dates & metrics
- Received
- 29 Jan 2026
- Accepted
- 25 Apr 2026
- Published
- 11 Jun 2026
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How to cite this article
Sharma KK. Psychedelics and neuroanesthesia: A narrative review of converging mechanisms. J. Sci. Innov. Anesthesiol. 2026;1(2):38-44. doi:10.65929/JSIA.2026.1.2.002
Sharma, K. K. (2026). Psychedelics and neuroanesthesia: A narrative review of converging mechanisms. Journal of Scientific Innovations in Anesthesiology, 1(2), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.65929/JSIA.2026.1.2.002
Kunal Kumar Sharma. "Psychedelics and neuroanesthesia: A narrative review of converging mechanisms." Journal of Scientific Innovations in Anesthesiology, vol. 1, no. 2, 2026, pp. 38-44. https://doi.org/10.65929/JSIA.2026.1.2.002
Kunal Kumar Sharma. "Psychedelics and neuroanesthesia: A narrative review of converging mechanisms." Journal of Scientific Innovations in Anesthesiology 1, no. 2 (2026): 38-44. https://doi.org/10.65929/JSIA.2026.1.2.002
© 2026 the authors. Published by REVO Publication. This article is distributed under CC BY 4.0, which permits use and redistribution provided the original work is properly cited.